Membranes utilized in these systems often operate based on various separation principles, such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Each of these techniques is designed to remove specific contaminants from liquids, and the choice of membrane largely depends on the intended application. For instance, reverse osmosis membranes are highly effective at removing dissolved salts and organic molecules, making them ideal for desalination and producing potable water. In contrast, microfiltration membranes are primarily used for particulate removal, such as bacteria and larger sediments.
